01

What did the sleep-deprivation study show?

Two small crossover trials studied laboratory sleep deprivation: 15 adults in 2024 and 29 in 2026, including 17 women in the latter. Single doses improved selected tasks compared with placebo. These unusual conditions do not establish a dependable benefit for everyday concentration or brain fog in a well-rested person. [1] [6]

02

What about brain fog around menopause?

A trial in 36 peri- and postmenopausal women found selected reaction-time and brain-creatine differences with alternative formulations. However, the published primary outcome, mental fatigue, did not show a significant treatment-by-time effect. That negative result matters more than highlighting promising secondary findings as evidence that creatine treats brain fog. [2]

03

Is there an established dose for brain fog?

These studies do not establish a routine dose for everyday brain fog. The sleep-deprivation experiment used a single high dose for a specific laboratory question, while the menopause study used different forms. Neither approach can simply be converted into a personal recommendation for someone with unexplained concentration problems. [1] [2]

04

Do larger studies settle the question?

A trial in 123 adults did not reach conventional significance on either primary cognitive test, although another analysis suggested a possible small benefit. EFSA’s 2024 assessment found the submitted evidence insufficient to establish a cognitive benefit. Later trials add information, but do not yet settle everyday brain-fog treatment. [4] [5]

Look a little closer

What are the limits of this evidence?

Each card separates the finding from the limits. The participants, formulation and duration are part of the answer.

Randomised trial2024

Gordji-Nejad et al., 2024

Some cognitive measures improved after a high single dose during sleep deprivation.

Who
15 healthy adults in a crossover experiment
Dose
Single 0.35 g/kg dose
Duration
Laboratory sleep deprivation, about 21 hours awake
Limits
Small experiment in a specific setting. It does not establish a routine dose for brain fog or an alternative to sleep.
Read the published paper (opens in a new tab)
Randomised trial2025

CONCRET-MENOPA trial, 2025

Selected reaction-time and brain-creatine measures differed, but the primary mental-fatigue outcome did not show a significant treatment-by-time effect (p = 0.92).

Who
36 peri- and postmenopausal women, mean age about 50
Dose
HCl 750 or 1,500 mg/day; or HCl plus ethyl ester 800 mg/day; or placebo
Duration
8 weeks
Limits
36 participants across four groups; multiple outcomes and alternative forms. Partly funded by Vireo Systems; author creatine-industry relationships disclosed. Does not establish a treatment for brain fog.
Read the published paper (opens in a new tab)
Explore all source records ↗

Which sources did we check?

  1. Single dose creatine improves cognitive performance and induces changes in cerebral high energy phosphates during sleep deprivation ↗Scientific Reports · 2024 · Study details and limits
  2. The Effects of 8-Week Creatine Hydrochloride and Creatine Ethyl Ester Supplementation on Cognition, Clinical Outcomes, and Brain Creatine Levels in Perimenopausal and Menopausal Women (CONCRET-MENOPA): A Randomized Controlled Trial ↗Journal of the American Nutrition Association · 2025 · Study details and limits
  3. Creatine in women’s health: bridging the gap from menstruation through pregnancy to menopause ↗Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2025 · Study details and limits
  4. The effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive performance—a randomised controlled study ↗BMC Medicine · 2023 · Study details and limits
  5. Creatine and improvement in cognitive function: Evaluation of a health claim ↗EFSA Journal · 2024 · Study details and limits
  6. Single-Dose Creatine Reduces Sleep Deprivation-Induced Deterioration in Cognitive Performance ↗Nutrients · 2026 · Study details and limits